Advantages of Commercial International Judgment and the Role of Regional Judgment Centers in Settlement of Commercial Disputes among Developing Countries

International judgment is one of the methods for solving international business and trade disputes whose goal is to fairly solve international business disputes by a neutral institution in the least time with the minimum cost.  In recent years, we have witnessed increased reference to this mechanism and also tendency to including obligatory conditions in international business contracts. On the other hand, opposition of developing countries with this mechanism has decreased considerably. Nonetheless, the circumstances leading to opposition from these countries still persist. In this paper, three areas of international arbitration will be considered to see whether arbitration is an effective mechanism to solve disputes for developing countries. Authority of judges as well as control and monitoring of national courts on international business arbitration, and finally cooperation of regional business arbitration centers under the supervision of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) will be considered

Advantages of Commercial International Judgment and the Role of Regional Judgment Centers in Settlement of Commercial Disputes among Developing Countries

International judgment is one of the methods for solving international business and trade disputes whose goal is to fairly solve international business disputes by a neutral institution in the least time with the minimum cost.  In recent years, we have witnessed increased reference to this mechanism and also tendency to including obligatory conditions in international business contracts. On the other hand, opposition of developing countries with this mechanism has decreased considerably. Nonetheless, the circumstances leading to opposition from these countries still persist. In this paper, three areas of international arbitration will be considered to see whether arbitration is an effective mechanism to solve disputes for developing countries. Authority of judges as well as control and monitoring of national courts on international business arbitration, and finally cooperation of regional business arbitration centers under the supervision of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) will be considered

Serrated plastic flow in slowly-deforming complex concentrated alloys: universal signatures of dislocation avalanches

Under plastic flow, multi-element high/medium-entropy alloys (HEAs/MEAs) commonly exhibit complex intermittent and collective dislocation dynamics owing to inherent lattice distortion and atomic-level chemical complexities. Using atomistic simulations, we report on an avalanche study of slowly-driven model face-centered cubic (fcc) NiCoCrFeMn and NiCoCr chemically complex alloys aiming for microstructural/topological characterization of associated dislocation avalanches. The results of our avalanche simulations reveal a close correspondence between the observed serration features in the stress response of the deforming HEA/MEA and the incurred slip patterns within the bulk crystal. We show that such correlations become quite pronounced within the rate-independent (quasi-static) regime exhibiting scale-free statistics and critical scaling features as universal signatures of dislocation avalanches

Investigation of Influential Variables to Predict Passing Rate at Short Passing Zones on Two-Lane Rural Highways

The passing zone (PZ) is that part of two-lane highways in which drivers can safely overtake slower vehicles. Several studies have presented passing rate models in the PZ. However, there is no model to predict the passing rate in PZs shorter than 350 m. Furthermore, the effect of variables such as lane width and the proportion of motorcycles on the passing rate were not investigated in previous works. This study assessed the effects of these variables on the passing rate and presents a prediction passing model for short PZs. Data were collected from seven PZs using a drone on three different two-lane rural highway segments in Iran. The results showed that the passing rate depends on the lane width, the absolute vertical grade, the flow rate in both directions, the directional split, the proportion of heavy vehicles in the subject direction, and the proportion of motorcycles in the subject direction. Short PZ length values did not have a significant effect on the passing rate. The passing capacity occurred at a flow rate of 680vehicle/h in both directions irrespective of the directional split

Investigating the effectiveness of tax penalties in Ardebil, Iran

Correctly implementing the provisions of direct tax law is of the most important objectives of Tax Affairs Organization; accordingly, tax penalty system is among the most crucial guarantees for enforcement of this law. On the other hand, since tax is of long standing in Iran, compared to the majority of developing countries and some developed ones, the performance of tax system is an indicative of weaknesses with respect to law efficiency. Reluctant acceptance, and inefficiency of the previous tax law as well as the penalty system belonging to it, has caused to be revised and reformed. Reformation of the pervious law and creation of the existing one were aimed at accomplishing the objectives of development program in tax sector. However, with regard to what should have been materialized according to the anticipations, the country's tax law suffers from significant drawbacks with some existing articles and paragraphs. The present paper investigates two domains of jobs and companies in Ardabil province, and reveals the ineffectiveness of penalty system in these two tax sources

Investigating the effectiveness of tax penalties in Ardebil, Iran

Correctly implementing the provisions of direct tax law is of the most important objectives of Tax Affairs Organization; accordingly, tax penalty system is among the most crucial guarantees for enforcement of this law. On the other hand, since tax is of long standing in Iran, compared to the majority of developing countries and some developed ones, the performance of tax system is an indicative of weaknesses with respect to law efficiency. Reluctant acceptance, and inefficiency of the previous tax law as well as the penalty system belonging to it, has caused to be revised and reformed. Reformation of the pervious law and creation of the existing one were aimed at accomplishing the objectives of development program in tax sector. However, with regard to what should have been materialized according to the anticipations, the country's tax law suffers from significant drawbacks with some existing articles and paragraphs. The present paper investigates two domains of jobs and companies in Ardabil province, and reveals the ineffectiveness of penalty system in these two tax sources